In May 1921, following the death of a Jewish boy in Jaffa, widespread violence breaks out between the Jewish and Arab communities, leading to 48 Palestinian deaths, 231 injuries, and 149 arrests. These riots further exacerbate the divisions and deepen the rift between the two groups.

In August 1929, Jewish militants launch a brutal attack on the Arab city of Hebron, killing 67 Palestinians and injuring 50. This event is considered a turning point in the Arab-Israeli conflict, marking a significant escalation of violence and fueling Palestinian resentment towards the Zionist movement.

In November 1947, the United Nations General Assembly adopts a resolution to partition Palestine into two states, one Jewish and one Arab. The plan is accepted by the Jewish leadership but rejected by the Palestinian leadership, who view it as a blatant injustice and a usurpation of their rightful land.

On April 9, 1948, Israeli forces attack the Palestinian village of Deir Yassin, killing hundreds of civilians, including women, children, and elderly people. The massacre is considered one of the most brutal acts of violence during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War and has become a symbol of Palestinian suffering.

Israel passes the Law of Return, granting automatic citizenship to any Jew who immigrates to Israel. This law is seen by Palestinians as discriminatory and as a means of increasing the Jewish population in Israel while limiting the Palestinian population.

UN General Assembly Calls for the right of Palestinian refugees to return to their homes and for compensation for those who choose not to return

Israel passes the Absentee Property Law, which allows the Israeli government to expropriate the land and property of Palestinians who have fled or been expelled from their homes. This law is considered a form of collective punishment and has contributed to the displacement of Palestinians.

In June 1967, Israel launches a preemptive war against Egypt, Syria, and Jordan, known as the Six-Day War. The war ends with a decisive Israeli victory, resulting in Israel's occupation of the Sinai Peninsula, Gaza Strip, West Bank, and Golan Heights.

This occupation marks a significant turning point in the conflict, as it places millions of Palestinians under Israeli rule and exacerbates the Palestinian struggle for self-determination.

Over 6,000 Palestinians, Egyptians, Jordanians, and Syrians killed

In March 1968, Israeli forces launch a major military operation against Palestinian fedayeen (guerrilla fighters) in the Jordanian town of Karameh. The ensuing battle, known as the Karameh incident, results in heavy casualties on both sides, with estimates ranging from 110 to 128 Jordanian soldiers, 30 to 40 Palestinian fedayeen, and 2 Israeli soldiers killed. The incident serves as a symbol of Palestinian resistance and determination, while also highlighting the escalating violence between Israel and Palestinian militant groups.

Israel passes the Prevention of Infiltration Law, which grants the Israeli military broad powers to detain and deport Palestinians from the occupied territories. This law has been used to restrict Palestinian movement and to expel Palestinians from their homes.

Jewish settler organizations begin to emerge in the occupied territories, advocating for the expansion of Israeli settlements and the annexation of the West Bank. These organizations have been accused of using violence and intimidation against Palestinians.

Increased settlement activity, displacement of Palestinians, heightened tensions between Palestinians and settlers.

Israel passes the Jerusalem Law, which declares Jerusalem as its "eternal and undivided capital." This law is not recognized by the international community and has been condemned by Palestinians as a denial of their right to East Jerusalem as the capital of a future Palestinian state.

Denial of Palestinian sovereignty over East Jerusalem, erosion of Palestinian cultural and religious ties to the city

Israel closes Bir Zeit University, a prominent Palestinian university in the West Bank, for eight years. This closure is seen as an attempt to suppress Palestinian education and political activism.

Disruption of Palestinian education, limitations on freedom of expression and assembly.

In September 1993, Israel and the PLO sign the first of a series of agreements known as the Oslo Accords. The accords aim to establish a two-state solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, with an independent Palestinian state alongside Israel. While the Oslo Accords are seen as a step towards peace, they also generate controversy and divisions within both the Israeli and Palestinian communities.

Reaffirms the right of the Palestinian people to self-determination and statehood.

A second Palestinian uprising erupts against Israeli occupation. The Second Intifada is characterized by more violence than the first Intifada. Over 5,000 Palestinians killed.

Israel passes the Citizenship and Entry into Israel Law, which makes it more difficult for Palestinians to obtain Israeli citizenship or residency. This law is seen as discriminatory and as an attempt to limit the Palestinian population in Israel.

Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967. Condemns Israel's human rights violations in the occupied territories

Report: Israel's "Operation Determined Protection": A web of human rights violations. Documents Israel's widespread human rights violations during Operation Defensive Shield

Advisory Opinion on the Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory Declares the construction of the Israeli separation barrier to be illegal under international law

In May 2004, Israel launches a military operation in the Gaza Strip, known as Operation Rainbow. The operation aims to eliminate Palestinian militant groups and stop rocket attacks into Israel. However, the operation results in the deaths of 115 to 120 Palestinians, including civilians and militants. The high civilian death toll raises concerns about the proportionality of Israel's military actions.

In July 2006, Israel launches a military operation in Lebanon, known as the Lebanon War II or the Second Lebanon War. The war is triggered by the capture of two Israeli soldiers by the Hezbollah militant group. The war lasts for 34 days, resulting in the deaths of over 1,200 Lebanese civilians, 300 Palestinians, and 160 Israelis. The war is widely criticized for the high civilian casualties and the destruction it causes in Lebanon.

Israel imposes a blockade on the Gaza Strip, severely restricting the movement of people and goods. The blockade has a devastating impact on the economy of Gaza and contributes to a humanitarian crisis in the territory.

Over 2 million Palestinians under blockade, severe economic hardship, limited access to essential goods and services.

Report: Israel's Unlawful Collective Punishment of Palestinians. Documents Israel's use of collective punishment against Palestinians in the Gaza Strip.

In November 2012, Israel launches a military operation in the Gaza Strip, known as Operation Pillar of Defense. The operation lasts for eight days, resulting in the deaths of 160 Palestinians, mostly civillians. The operation is widely criticized for the high civilian casualties and raises concerns about the use of disproportionate force by Israel.

Report of the Independent Commission of Inquiry on the Human Rights Violations in the Gaza Strip. Finds that Israel committed war crimes and crimes against humanity during Operation Pillar of Defense

Israel's Prawer Plan is leaked, revealing a strategy to displace Palestinians from the Jordan Valley. The plan is widely condemned by the international community and raises concerns about Israel's intentions in the occupied territories.

A 15-year-old Palestinian girl, Yara Aweidat, is killed by Israeli gunfire as she stands in her doorway in the West Bank village of Beitunia. Her death is widely condemned by the international community.

Loss of a young Palestinian life, highlights the dangers faced by Palestinian civilians in the occupied territories.

British aid worker James Miller is killed by an Israeli airstrike in the Gaza Strip while delivering humanitarian aid. His death sparks international outrage and raises concerns about the proportionality of Israel's military actions.
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Loss of a humanitarian worker, undermines international relief efforts in Gaza.

Report: This is Not a War It's a Slaughter
Documents the disproportionate use of force by Israel during Operation Protective Edge

UN Human Rights Council Condemns Israel's settlement policy and calls for an end to all settlement activities.

Palestinian medic Razan al-Najjar is shot and killed by Israeli forces while providing medical assistance to wounded protesters during the Great March of Return in Gaza. Her death sparks widespread protests and condemnation of Israel's use of force against unarmed civilians.
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Loss of a medical professional, highlights the risks faced by Palestinian healthcare workers in Gaza.

Israel passes the Nation-State Law, which enshrines the Jewish character of the state and prioritizes Jewish rights over those of Palestinians.
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Institutionalized discrimination, apartheid.

The ICC prosecutor applies to open an investigation into alleged war crimes committed by Israel and Palestinian armed groups in the occupied Palestinian territories.
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War crimes, crimes against humanity.

Israel's Supreme Court approves the eviction of four Palestinian families from their homes in the Sheikh Jarrah neighborhood of East Jerusalem. These evictions are seen as part of a broader effort by Israel to Judaize East Jerusalem and undermine Palestinian claims to the city.

Displacement of Palestinian families, exacerbates tensions and contributes to the escalation of violence in May 2021.

In May 2021, Israel launches a military operation in the Gaza Strip, known as the Gaza War or the Operation Guardian of the Walls. The war is triggered by Hamas rocket attacks into Israel following the evictions of Palestinians in Sheikh Jarrah, East Jerusalem. The war lasts for 11 days, resulting in the deaths of over 250 Palestinians, including civilians and militants. The war raises concerns about the repeated cycles of violence and the lack of progress towards a lasting peace settlement.

Report: Israel's Apartheid Against Palestinians
Accuses Israel of practicing apartheid against Palestinians in both Israel and the occupied territories

Report: A Threshold Crossed: Israeli Authorities and the Crimes Against Humanity of Apartheid Concludes that Israel's policies and actions in the occupied territories meet the legal definition of apartheid.